The Sahel region of Africa is facing a severe crisis, becoming the center of global terrorism. According to the latest Global Terrorism Index (GTI), the Sahel now accounts for more than half of all terrorism-related deaths worldwide. In 2024, 3,885 people lost their lives in this region, out of a total of 7,555 deaths globally.
The GTI report highlights a troubling trend: while global terrorism deaths have decreased since a peak in 2015, the Sahel has seen a nearly tenfold increase in deaths since 2019. Extremist groups are increasingly focusing their efforts on this area, which stretches from the west coast of Africa to the east, encompassing parts of ten countries including Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.
The Sahel is home to some of the highest birth rates in the world, with a large youth population. However, this demographic is also vulnerable, and many young people are being drawn into militant groups. The report identifies two main players in the region: the Islamic State’s affiliate in the Sahel and Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen, linked to al-Qaeda. These groups are not just carrying out attacks; they are also trying to establish new forms of governance based on Sharia law, competing for land and influence.
Political instability has worsened the situation. Since 2020, six successful coups have occurred in the Sahel, with military juntas now leading countries like Mali and Burkina Faso. Despite hopes that these new governments would improve security, the reality on the ground has often been worse. In fact, Burkina Faso was named the country most affected by terrorism for the second consecutive year in 2024.
The rise of these militant groups is fueled by a combination of weak governance, local grievances, and economic opportunities linked to illicit activities. Kidnapping for ransom, cattle rustling, and drug trafficking have become common in the region. Some groups even impose taxes or offer protection services to local communities, which helps them gain influence and integrate into society.
As the situation deteriorates, Sahel governments are shifting their alliances. They are moving away from traditional Western partners like France and the US, seeking support from countries like China and Russia. Russian paramilitaries are reportedly training local forces, but their effectiveness remains questionable.
The GTI report warns that the violence in the Sahel could spill over into neighboring countries. Togo, for example, has recently experienced attacks, marking the highest number of incidents since the GTI began tracking such data. Experts believe that the expansion of militant groups into coastal West African nations is a real possibility.
The ongoing crisis in the Sahel is a complex issue rooted in a mix of political, social, and economic factors. As the region grapples with these challenges, the international community watches closely, hoping for a resolution that can bring peace and stability to this troubled area.